What are the factors that determine the price of gasoline?
Gasoline price increases tend to emphasize the need for increased fuel supply or reduced fuel demand through the use of fuel-efficient vehicles, alternative fuels, and other strategies that reduce petroleum consumption. The final price of a gallon of gasoline is a product of many factors that can be complicated and constantly changing, but it comes down to the concept of supply and demand.
Average Price of Gasoline
Currently, the average price of regular gasoline in the United States, including all taxes, is $3.66/gallon, as compared to $1.46 at this time 10 years ago. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the cost of gasoline as of April 2013 can be broken down into the following components:
- Crude oil price (as purchased by refiners): 65%
- Refining costs and profits: 13%
- Taxes (including federal and state): 12%
- Distribution and marketing costs and profits: 10%
Of these components, changes in the cost of crude oil have the greatest impact on gasoline prices. As crude oil prices increase, they become a larger percentage of the overall cost of gasoline at the pump. Between 2000 and 2008, the average retail price of gasoline was $2.06/gallon, and crude oil prices only made up 51% of the overall price, as compared to the breakdown above.
Economic, Environmental, and Political Factors
Crude oil prices are affected by economic, environmental, and political factors. As with most finite resources, the economics of oil are driven by supply and demand. Oil suppliers price their products based on actual and expected demand for petroleum products relative to current and projected short- and long-term supply of oil. When supply is low and/or demand is high, gasoline prices tend to increase. When supply is high and/or demand is low, gasoline prices tend to decrease.
The demand for petroleum products is largely determined by the world economy. For instance, after the gasoline price spike in 2008, the economic situation led to a decline in global petroleum consumption and, therefore, a decrease in gasoline prices. Conversely, the recent rise in gasoline prices can be tied, in part, to the gradual improvement in the economy.
Global Supply and Demand
The global oil supply tends to be more difficult to predict. Environmental factors, such as weather events, can affect the supply of oil. For instance, hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico in the mid-2000s (e.g., Hurricane Katrina in 2005) shut down U.S. crude oil production and negatively affected refinery and pipeline operations, causing several spikes in oil and gasoline prices. In addition, global supply of oil can be affected by geopolitical issues.
In addition, the price of gasoline tends to increase during the summer months due to the seasonal switch to higher-cost summer gasoline blends and the increased gasoline demand for summer travel.
More Information
For additional information on gasoline prices, refer to:
- FuelEconomy.gov’s Gas Prices
- EIA’s Gasoline Explained: Factors Affecting Gasoline Prices
- EIA’s Frequently Asked Questions
- EIA’s Petroleum Marketing Monthly
Related Publications
In addition, the following publications related to gasoline prices and Clean Cities portfolio items may be of interest:
- Clean Cities Alternative Fuels Price Report
- Compares alternative fuel prices to gasoline and diesel on an energy-equivalent basis.
- Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle Markets, Congressional Budget Office
- Fact Sheet: Gas Prices and Oil Consumption Would Increase Without Biofuels, U.S. Department of Energy
- Clean Cities Technical Response Service Team
- technicalresponse@icfi.com
- 800-254-6735